On the Edge: The Precision to Carry On

March 1, 2015  - By
By Nicholas DiGruttolo
Components easily pack into a baseball-style case.
Components easily pack into a baseball-style case. Photo: Nicholas DiGruttolo

Components easily pack into a baseball-style case. Photo: Nicholas DiGruttolo

By Nicholas DiGruttolo

When asked to do a small survey job overseas, we were concerned about shipping bulky and expensive survey equipment. Shipping costs are not trivial. Add to that the real possibility that your survey equipment may be confiscated by the local authorities, as ours was in Djibouti, and the cost of shipping equipment becomes a substantial part of the overall job. There should be alternatives, especially if accuracy requirements are not stringent.

Faced with this problem for a second time, we considered a new receiver system that has many advantages over conventional survey-grade GNSS receivers: It is small, lightweight and low-cost without sacrificing performance, making it ideal for precision surveying in remote areas of the world and for traveling to the job site by commercial airline. All the components, including the tripods, rods and batteries, are constructed from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. A complete base and rover kit fits in a baseball bag and weighs less than 10 kilograms. The kit is sized and approved as carry-on luggage.

The system is scalable from a simple single-frequency semi-mobile receiver for control networks and some semi-kinematic mapping applications, to a dual-frequency network RTK solution.

The system comes with free processing software that supports carrier-phase relative positioning in real time and post mission, as well as precise-point positioning (PPP) and CA-code differential correction. The software is designed with a simple user interface for easy selection of base and rover data or automatic data download of the closest Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) from the U.S. National Geodetic Survey database.

complete survey set including GNSS receiver, antenna, battery and cables, fits in a small handheld plastic case.

Complete survey set including GNSS receiver, antenna, battery and cables, fits in a small handheld plastic case. Photo: Nicholas DiGruttolo

The system fills a gap between survey applications, where centimeter-level precision is an absolute necessity, and mapping applications, where meter-level is tolerable. The product offers sub-foot precision in most cases and centimeter precision in ideal situations.

Our team recently performed topographic mapping of an oil refinery site in Saudi Arabia and surveyed a precise-elevation network in Sarasota, Fla., to research the effects of sea-level rise. The small size of the COTS components simplified transport to Saudi Arabia, eliminating additional airline baggage fees and easing import through customs. Researchers performing the sea-level study reduced field time by increasing the number of receivers needed to observe a robust vertical control network.

Oil Refinery. The oil refinery project entailed mounting a GNSS antenna on the roof of an off-road vehicle and driving multiple transects around the 18-kilometer perimeter of the site to record the elevation of the terrain. Kinematic data was recorded at 1 Hz using a GPS-only version of the single-frequency receiver. Baseline length to the local reference station varied from less than 1 kilometer to about 10 kilometers. The site was open desert with no overhead obstructions or sources of multipath other than the roof of the vehicle on which the antenna was mounted. Post-processing and comparison to simultaneously collected data from a high-precision survey-grade receiver revealed positional accuracy of about 5 centimeters horizontal and 10 centimeters vertical, when the system’s trajectory was compared to the truth trajectory provided by the survey-grade receiver. Figure 1 shows the difference between the two trajectories. The system’s antenna was 2 feet away from the survey-grade antenna along the driving direction of the vehicle; the trajectory was mostly in the north-south direction and hence the 0.6-m offset in the plot!

Figure 1. Antenna location difference in the sub-decimeter range between the survey-grade system and the compact low-cost system. Note: A 0.6-m offset is to be removed from the difference, as the two antennas were mounted 0.6 m apart in the vehicle driving direction.

Figure 1. Antenna location difference in the sub-decimeter range between the survey-grade system and the compact low-cost system. Note: A 0.6-m offset is to be removed from the difference, as the two antennas were mounted 0.6 m apart in the vehicle driving direction.

Sea Level. The sea-level-rise study required a high-accuracy vertical control network to cover a 2,500 hectare area. The purpose of the network is to determine the shortest term effects of sea-level rise with a rate of 1.8 millimeter/year in the affected area. Ten benchmarks were established throughout the area of interest, and a robust network of static observations was performed with a combination of two dual-frequency and two single-frequency receivers. The single-frequency receivers were GPS-only units where two standard 4-inch patch antennas were mounted on rods adjusted to a 0.9-meter height. The addition of two receivers provided greater redundancy and a stronger network solution in much less time than would have been possible with only one pair of survey-grade receivers. Figure 2 shows the addition of several loop ties to the network as a result of adding the two roving, lightweight receivers.

Figure 2. Sea-level rise monitoring network showing increased tie points and redundancy as a result of adding the extra lightweight precision receivers to the survey-grade receivers.

Figure 2. Sea-level rise monitoring network showing increased tie points and redundancy as a result of adding the extra lightweight precision receivers to the survey-grade receivers.

Manufacturers

The system described in this article is the G1 system developed by Geomatics USA, LLC (www.geomatics.us; see also www.navtechgps.com).


Nicholas DiGruttolo works as a field surveying manager for JBrown Professional Group Inc., Northrop Grumman Corporation, and has recently become vice president of surveying.

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