Signal Sentry 1000, formerly known as GPS Interference, Detection and Geolocation, may now be deployed to collect actionable intelligence for law enforcement, such as tracking high-value targets and protecting critical infrastructure.

Signal Sentry 1000 is a proprietary product that leverages GNSS signal domain knowledge; it is based upon patented technology developed by Exelis through many years of designing and fielding electronic intelligence systems, ITT Exelis said.

“Exelis developed Signal Sentry 1000 to help protect critical infrastructure and to deliver intelligence to law enforcement operations that depend upon GPS availability,” said Kevin Farrell, positioning, navigation and timing general manager for Exelis Geospatial Systems. “Jamming devices can transmit signals capable of disrupting the synchronization of critical infrastructure, such as utility power grids, and timing information of financial transactions. This is why we are continually making improvements in our technology, and the latest milestone achievement is a testament to our goal to deliver actionable interference intelligence to agencies that rely upon GPS operational availability.”

Signal Sentry 1000 technology is a network of threat-detection sensors, which are part of a centralized server executing Exelis‐developed proprietary location algorithms. These sensors can be strategically located around areas of critical infrastructure, such as shipping ports, utilities and government facilities to automatically sense and locate any intentional or unintentional GPS jamming source. Should a threat be detected, users would receive accurate location information and actionable intelligence in order to determine an interference-mitigation plan.

“Signal Sentry 1000 builds upon Exelis expertise in the field of GPS and positioning, navigation and timing. Exelis payloads and payload components have been on board every GPS satellite for nearly 40 years,” said Farrell.  “Today, Exelis is involved in GPS modernization initiatives, building tomorrow’s GPS III satellite constellation by developing and integrating the navigation payloads. Exelis is also providing navigation processing components, precision monitor station receivers, and key components of the system security design for the GPS Operational Control System, also known as OCX.”

When I arrived in Denver, my plan was to meet Tim Smith (GPS Coordinator for the U.S. National Park Service) and travel to the Bakerville GPS test site in the Rocky Mountains, which was at about ~11,000 feet in elevation. My intent was to test the CORS Streaming and PBO real-time streaming that I discussed last month to better understand the accuracy and reliability of those services.

I arrived at the Denver airport early on a Monday ready to rock and roll into the Rockies with some high-precision GNSS equipment. As it turned out, I was denied. In Colorado, the weather is dynamic. It was quickly degrading when I arrived in Denver. Snow was definitely in my future for the next few days. Tim made the decision that we shouldn’t travel to Bakerville. The reason for Tim’s trepidation wasn’t necessarily due to the weather in Bakerville, but rather that the I-70 Interstate might turn into a parking lot and we’d be stuck in traffic for a few hours. Fair enough. The backup plan was to do some local testing in the parking lot adjacent to Tim’s office in Denver.

Tim invited Mel Philbrook to join us. Mel is a long-time GNSS technologist who works for the local Trimble dealer. He brought an SUV full of Trimble GNSS equipment, including one of the new R10 GNSS units as well as a GeoXH handheld with an external antenna.

Tim Smith using a Trimble R10 with CORS Streaming RTK data.

Mel and Eric with some of the GNSS gear.

Mel also had an Intuicom RTK Bridge in the trunk of his SUV that facilitated the different sources of RTK reference data we could use. He could switch from CORS Streaming to the local VRS via NTRIP to UHF at the flip of a switch, sending corrections to both the R10 and the GeoXH. I was particularly interested in seeing how the units performed using CORS Streaming, which is/was a free RTK service (single baseline) that was in beta test phase. In Oregon, I don’t have access to CORS Streaming because the only CORS Streaming station west of the Mississippi River is in Boulder, Colorado. The station is TMGO (Table Mountain CORS).

The baseline distance from TMGO to our location was about 55 km. The R10 was reporting a horizontal precision of about 4 cm. Not bad for a 55-km baseline. I didn’t compare the results to a survey mark (shame on me, but keep reading because I get to that) so I’m trusting the R10’s precision estimate. Tim said he’s run the test before using a GeoXH and a longer baseline and saw sub 10-cm horizontal precision. It’s not what the typical person using short baseline or RTK network is accustomed to, but for the high-precision GIS user who’s mapping utility, transportation, and infrastructure, that’s pretty darn good.

Tim, Mel and I spent an hour or so messing around with the equipment before packing it up. Not a very scientific study, but it confirmed that CORS Streaming was accessible via NTRIP and reasonably accurate.

In the meantime, the snow wasn’t letting up. This is the view as I was leaving Tim’s office to head to Boulder for the Space Weather Workshop:

Leaving Tim’s office. There was no snow when I arrived.

I wasn’t finished with my CORS Streaming testing yet. My experience at Tim’s office gave me enough confidence to allocate time later in the week to conduct a more detailed test after the Space Weather Workshop. Hopefully, the weather would cooperate (call me a fair-weather field guy).

Space Weather Workshop

Every April, NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder hosts the Space Weather Workshop (SWW), a gathering that has evolved into the leading conference in the U.S. for space weather-related topics. It attracts attendees, experts and speakers from all over the world. The discussion isn’t centered on GNSS, but GNSS certainly is a topic that is discussed. This year’s central topic was the electric power grid. You can view the SWW program here.

Believe it or not, this month (May 2013) was the predicted “solar maximum” for the current solar cycle (Solar Cycle 24, an 11-year cycle). However, Solar Cycle 24 has been unexpectedly weak. See the following slide presented by Doug Bisecker of the Space Weather Prediction Center. Doug is the Chairman of the Solar Cycle 24 Prediction Panel. His question, “Is there any chance we can still salvage some respectability?” speaks volumes about the difficulty in predicting space weather.

Source: Doug Bisecker presentation at the 2013 Space Weather Workshop

From the above, you can see the actual number of sun spot occurrence has been significantly less than predicted. Although sun spots aren’t what cause GNSS receivers to have problems, sun spots can indicate the amount of solar activity, which can be related to geomagnetic storms. Geomagnetic storms disturb the ionosphere and are the events that cause the most problems for GNSS receivers. Looking at the top chart above, you can see the difference in activity between the last solar maximum (peaked in early 2002) and today. The difference is clearly significant.

Does this mean we, the high-precision GNSS users, get a free pass on Solar Cycle 24?

Not at all.

Historically speaking, the most extreme geomagnetic storms (e.g., Oct/Nov 2002) have occurred after the solar maximum so our sensitivity to this issue should be keen for the next two years. Furthermore, there are orders of magnitude more high-precision GNSS receivers being used than ever before, and in mission-critical applications such as auto-steer in machine control (agriculture, construction, etc.). Most GNSS high-precision users today haven’t experienced the effects of an extreme geomagnetic storm. For a short primer on the effects of solar activity on GNSS/GPS, you might want to take a look at this article I wrote in 2008 as well Richard Langley’s 2011 Innovation column “GNSS and the Ionosphere.” In addition to the content, they both contain some valuable links to relevant articles.

In line with a goal of the workshop, a panel of GNSS professionals looked at issues that users face as they go about their business at solar max. The panel was “Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Services: Research Needed to Fill Operational Gaps.” Joe Kunches (SWPC) moderated the panel that included Dr. Geoff Crowley (Astra), Dr. Anthea Coster (MIT), Capt. Steven Miller (USAF) and myself. We highlighted precision GNSS, satellite navigation for commercial aviation (ADS-B), and current work to better understand the errors the ionosphere imposes on user activities.

Something else I learned at the conference was how tough ionospheric scintillation is on GNSS receivers in Brazil. I feel for those users. When I mentioned I was traveling to Chile for an RTK project, the scientists said it is worse in Chile than the U.S., but still not as bad as Brazil. I’ll be very interested to experience how different it is than the U.S. (or other parts of the world where I’ve traveled).

I keep a pretty close eye on space weather and in contact with NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center. When I hear of a space weather event that may affect high-precision GNSS/GPS receivers, I send out a Tweet with the hashtag #SolarActivity. You can follow me on Twitter at https://twitter.com/GPSGIS_Eric.

From Space Weather Back to Local Weather

As the week progressed during the Space Weather Workshop, the snow continued. Boulder looked like Christmas in April.

Christmas in April, Boulder, Colorado.

I really wanted to spend some more time in the field to test the accuracy of the NGS’s CORS Streaming service and I was running out of time. In order to perform the test the way I wanted, I needed to find a local NGS survey mark that was observed using GPS. I checked out the NGS survey mark database and got lucky. There was one (PID = KK2060) located on a vista point parking area off of Highway 36 on the way from my hotel to the Space Weather Workshop. I couldn’t have asked for a better or more convenient survey mark location. I was planning to use a Bluetooth GNSS receiver so I could actually collect data while sitting in my car.

KK2060 Survey Mark along Highway 36

On Thursday morning, Mother Nature cleared her skies for me so I drove to the vista point. Remember, there’s a couple of feet of snow on the ground, so I was really hoping to see some kind of wood lathe that would get me close to the survey mark (no, I didn’t preload the KK2060 coords in my GPS L). Fortunately, a wood stake was near the survey mark. However, I didn’t have a shovel or a metal detector so it was either using my hands to shovel and search under two feet of snow for the mark, or…thanks to the rental car company, the car came with a healthy-sized windshield scraper. After 15 minutes of digging in the snow with a windshield scraper, I found KK2060. I’m sure to the people parked on the vista enjoying the view; I looked very suspicious using a windshield scraper to dig a hole in the snow. I wouldn’t have been surprised if a state trooper had shown up.

KK2060 recovered from under two feet of snow with a windshield scraper.

My final challenge was…no tripod or tribrach. I travel light and didn’t want to pack a set and, of course, I forgot to ask Tim if I could borrow a set. It’s never a good idea to set a GNSS antenna directly on the ground, but the antenna was small (<3” in diameter) and I did have a 5” diameter ground plane with about a 1” post. I was able to place it over the survey mark with reasonable confidence.

3″ diameter L1/L2/GLONASS antenna on a 5″ ground plane centered over KK2060.

As I mentioned before, I was using a Bluetooth GNSS receiver (GPS L1/L2, GLONASS), the SXBlue III GNSS.

SXBlue III GNSS bluetooth receiver

To collect the data, I was using an SXPad handheld with an AT&T SIM card for the Internet connection. For data-collection software, I used VisualGPSce, a free GPS data-collection program that collects and displays raw NMEA data. Although it doesn’t display enough digits of precision for the horizontal position, it accomplishes the simple task of collecting NMEA-formatted data without applying any transformation so I get the raw NMEA-formatted data from the receiver. It also displays some useful information such as PDOP, RTK indicator and elevation.

VisualGPSce running on an SXPad data collector collecting RTK data.

The last piece of data-collection software I used was a free NTRIP client software written by the SXBlue people called SXBlue RTN. I needed an NTRIP client software to access the CORS Streaming mount point. The software manages the IP address, port and login/pwd of the CORS Streaming system.

Logging into the NGS CORS Streaming site was painless, and within a few seconds I had an RTK FIXed position from the GNSS receiver, all from the comfort of my rental car, thanks to long-range Bluetooth. I collected ~45 minutes of NMEA data (1-Hz data rate) without interruption.

When I returned to the office, I began the process of comparing the results from CORS Streaming to the NGS survey mark coordinate. I checked with NGS and they reported that CORS Streaming is referenced to the ITRF00 (epoch 1997.0) datum. The KK2060 coordinate is published in NAD83/2011 (epoch 2010.0). I needed to reconcile the datum difference before performing any analysis so I used the NGS HTDP (Horizontal Time Dependent Positioning) online tool to accomplish this.

Finally, I used NMEA Analyzer (custom-built software for performing statistical analysis on GNSS NMEA data to NSSDA horizontal accuracy standards) to calculate accuracy (not precision) values of the data. I set up the NMEA Analyzer software to randomly select 200 epochs out of the ~2,700 collected to mitigate any bias due to filtering or other receiver “tricks”. Following are the horizontal results:

Not bad for an antenna sitting on the ground and an 18-km baseline using a $6,000 GNSS receiver and a free RTK base station. Folks, this is the direction that GNSS technology is heading. The continued proliferation of high-precision GNSS infrastructure (RTK networks, real-time PPP, etc.) and the falling prices of RTK GNSS receivers will dramatically increase the availability of high-precision technology to those who previously could not afford to make the investment.

I didn’t get a chance to test the PBO real-time streaming while I was in Colorado, but fortunately there are many PBO real-time stations that I can test from the comfort of my home office here in Oregon. In fact, there are so many in Oregon and Washington that I can test many different baseline distances to understand what accuracy users can expect. Look for my test results on that sometime this summer.

National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Suffering

It’s likely that you aren’t an NDGPS user, but you might still be affected if the NDGPS is decommissioned. There are a total of 86 NDGPS stations across the Continental U.S., Alaska and Hawaii. As well as being NDGPS signal broadcasters, they are also part of the NGS CORS program that is used by the NGS’s OPUS online post-processing service. If you are using OPUS or NGS CORS for post-processing, you might be using NDGPS CORS data and not realize it. Following is a map of all NDGPS stations in the U.S.:

U.S. NDGPS coverage map.

If you’re interested in reading an explanation from the U.S. Coast Guard and Department of Transportation about the request for public comment and submitting a comment, click here. To be considered, comments must be submitted by July 15.

IN-Fusion Multi-Single-Base Processing is designed for customers who need the highest level of differential GNSS position accuracy and perform long, linear projects such as power-line corridors, long highways or stretches of coastline. During these projects, a GNSS base station network may not be available, or the geometry of the network so weak that an Applanix SmartBase solution — which uses existing reference stations to achieve high accuracy over longer distances — is not viable. In these cases, IN-Fusion Multi-Single-Base Processing allows base stations to be established along the full length of the travel path and makes optimal use of the nearest base station at all times.

Customers can now take advantage of robust tightly coupled in-fusion processing without the need to break the project up into multiple segments for each base station to attain the highest accuracy, Applanix said.

“In addition to IN-Fusion Multi-Single-Base Processing, POSPac MMS V6.2 includes new features designed to increase productivity, efficiency and ease-of-use.  The Coordinate Conversion tool included allows users to choose from a number of local reference frames for inputting base station coordinates,” said Edith Roy, Development Manager of POSPac MMS at Applanix.  “POSPac MMS Version 6.2 demonstrates our commitment to providing customers with not only the most advanced software solutions for mobile mapping applications, but also the easiest to use.”

POSPac MMS V6.2 can be purchased through Applanix’ global sales network. The software is available as an upgrade to all POSPac users currently under a maintenance contract.

GT-1 asset tracker combines GPS, RFID, and Bluetooth technologies.

Geoforce, Inc. is announcing commercial availability of its GT-1 asset tracking device that can track field equipment in locations and conditions previously too challenging for other devices to function effectively. A globally certified GPS device, the GT-1 enables oil and gas service providers to proactively monitor and share data on vehicles and equipment for more cost effective operations, helping to meet ongoing environmental responsibilities, the company said.

“We have been waiting a long time for a device like this,” said Michael Rolston, operations manager at Permian Equipment Rentals.  “It’s small, it’s incredibly rugged, it will last years without replacement. It’s also surprisingly low cost — given all its features and capabilities.”

The GT-1 was previously offered in limited release to several major international service and rental companies beginning in the fourth quarter of 2012. To date, thousands have shipped and are actively tracking oilfield assets around the globe.

Janam’s XT85 offers a complete set of features that enterprises require in a rugged wireless wide area device, at a price point that makes extending enterprise mobility affordable, Janam said. It is equipped with high-sensitivity GPS with anti-jamming technology.

The XT85 survives multiple 5-foot drops to concrete at temperature extremes (and 6-foot drops at room temperature), offers a 3.5-inch high-transmissivity display that maximizes outdoor readability while minimizing power consumption, offers advanced 4G-ready cellular network connectivity with five-band UMTS for global roaming, and is small and lightweight.

“Purpose-built mobile computers must appeal to today’s information worker who expects a device that is small, light, fast and highly capable while also serving the business needs of the enterprise for whom the mobile worker is performing mission-critical tasks,” said Harry B. Lerner, CEO of Janam. “Janam’s XT85 is optimized to appeal to both constituencies. It’s much more than a smart phone. It’s a brilliant PDA.”

In addition to 4G-ready UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA/GSM wireless wide area network communication, the XT85 is equipped with 802.11 a/b/g/n WLAN with enterprise-grade security and Bluetooth.  It is available with the SE965HP laser engine from Motorola or Honeywell’s Adaptus Imaging technology. Purpose-built to accommodate the realities of work processes and environments, the XT85 is UL-certified for use in hazardous environments, sealed to IP65 standards and available with QWERTY or numeric keypads.

Topcon HiPer SR and Pocket 3D in the field.

With the introduction of a new version of Pocket 3D software for its HiPer SR GNSS receiver, Topcon Positioning Systems is expanding the delivery of high-accuracy 3D positioning technology to contractors needing a low-cost, one-man layout and measurement system.

Pocket 3D is powerful, easy-to-use data collection and control software for grade checking and other measurement applications on a job site. Version 10.0.2 makes it fully functional with the HiPer SR receiver, introduced in August.

The new receiver is not only “perfect for contractors, but also for other non-traditional GNSS users such as landscape architects, law enforcement forensics projects or any others requiring high-accuracy 3D positioning,” said Tony Vanneman, Topcon construction products marketing manager.

Its field-rugged and fully-integrated design delivers a 1,000-foot working radius through Topcon’s new LongLink technology. “This innovative wireless data link was developed specifically for the HiPer SR, and provides reliable and interference-free base-to-rover communications that don’t require an FCC license to operate,” Vanneman said.

“We took the best signal tracking technologies and packaged them in a small, energy-efficient design,” he said.  “Anyone looking for a rugged, easy-to-use, low-cost 3D GPS system will find what they need in the HiPer SR.”

Additional key features of the HiPer SR include:

• Shock-resistant magnesium alloy housing – allowing the HiPer SR to take a 6 ft. (2m) pole drop onto concrete;
• Weighs 1.8 pounds (0.8kg);
• 226-channel Vanguard technology, featuring Universal Tracking Channel technology, supports all satellite constellations;
• Fence antenna technology;
• Quartz lock loop technology for superior GNSS tracking in high-vibration environments, such as on a four wheeler;
• Capable of simultaneous LongLink operation with multiple rovers;
• Sealed battery pack provides more than 15 hours of operation.

The Smart Grid has brought about power technology advancements that fundamentally change substation operations. Power equipment and their data networks are shifting from simple, reactive control and reporting to proactive, real-time management and operations control, making advanced synchronization and timing more critical than ever, according to Symmetricom. The SGC-1500 Smart Grid Clock is designed to address this need, enabling power equipment to operate more efficiently and closer to its operational limits. For example, one microsecond accuracy is required by the phasor measurement unit (PMU) for real-time network situational awareness and overall operational efficiency. Without accurate time stamps, PMU data has limited value. For power utility companies, that translates into enhanced network utilization rates as well as smarter management and mixing of renewable and traditional power sources.

“Power and utility companies are increasingly looking to source the latest technology innovations in order to modernize their infrastructure,” said Greg Neichin, executive vice president, Cleantech Group. “Over the past three years, we have tracked more than $700 million in venture investment committed to companies developing smart grid products. These are all data-intensive applications that will rely heavily on precise timing and synchronization, as well as more advanced analytics to process these vast streams of new information.”

“The Smart Grid architecture and related standards require a new approach to timing distribution across the overall network,” said Manish Gupta, vice president of marketing and business development for Symmetricom. “Symmetricom brings extensive experience in delivering precise time to the communications, government, and enterprise markets. Serving the power utility telecom network over the past 10 years, Symmetricom is ideally positioned to meet the emerging timing requirements of the Smart Grid.”

The SyncServer SGC-1500 meets key requirements of Smart Grid substations, including:

• Microsecond accuracy and resiliency — referencing GPS satellite signals, the Symmetricom Smart Grid Clock distributes timing with microsecond accuracy over the local area network (LAN) using the IEEE 1588 v2 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) Power Profile or IRIG-B time code.
• IEC 61850 — the International Electrotechnical Commission’s (IEC) standards for the design of electrical substation automation, which requires microsecond timing to identify and mitigate a potential fault condition in real time. This standard also identifies important electrical hardening requirements for substation environments.
• NERC CIP ― the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) reliability and security standards for Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP), which calls for high strength security protocols.

The SyncServer SGC-1500 comes with additional industry leading capabilities such as a built-in IEEE 1588 v2 Telecom Profile input option. This enables the Smart Grid Clock to derive time from the communications wide area network (WAN), thus eliminating the need to have GPS at every substation and PMU. The Rubidium atomic clock option offers holdover capability in the event of GPS disruption. These options result in a highly cost effective and resilient solution for power utilities.

ALK Technologies CoPilot Live software enables OEMs to bring own-brand turn-by-turn navigation apps to market.

Trimble has announced that it has acquired privately-held ALK Technologies Inc. of Princeton, New Jersey. ALK Technologies specializes in routing, mapping, mileage and navigation technologies. ALK Technologies offers proprietary routing and international map-based solutions for transportation, logistics and mobile workforces.

The addition of ALK is expected to extend and complement Trimble’s Transportation and Logistics product portfolio, including TMW Systems’ transportation management solutions, PeopleNet’s integrated onboard computing and mobile communications systems, and GEOTrac’s fleet management and worker safety solutions for the oil and gas industry. Financial terms were not disclosed.

ALK software products include CoPilot Live, which offers onboard GPS navigation for professional drivers, and PC*MILER, a truck-specific mileage solution recognized as an industry standard for logistics, manufacturing, government and transportation operations. ALK offers a consistent data platform for operational planning activities, such as mileage and routing and in-cab navigation applications used by fleet drivers. ALK products are sold worldwide and feature extensive international map data. Approximately 64 percent of North American for-hire motor carriers use ALK solutions, including 98 of the top 100 largest for-hire carriers, 47 of the top 50 logistics companies and 77 of the top 100 private fleets.

“The addition of ALK Technologies expands the portfolio and scope of innovative solutions we can offer transportation providers, logistics companies and shippers,” said David Wangler, president of TMW Systems, a Trimble Company. “The combination of ALK’s routing, mapping, mileage and navigation capabilities with our enterprise transportation management software and the mobile communications solutions under the Trimble Transportation and Logistics umbrella supports our comprehensive and industry-focused technology approach.”

“This is a significant milestone in ALK’s long history in transportation,” said Barry Glick, president of ALK Technologies, who will continue to lead the organization. “We are excited to join our well-known and respected partner TMW Systems under the global umbrella of Trimble. These organizations share our passion and vision for how location information can transform business and productivity.”

ALK Technologies business will be reported as part of Trimble’s Mobile Solutions segment.